Management procedures
When there are pathogenic bacteria in the environment(high bacterial spore content in the soil)and the disease recurs, NaCl (60~75#/1000ft 2 ) needs to be added to the dust on the floor of the poultry house, and then thorough removal can prevent the recurrence of the disease. . Other studies have shown that raising chickens on acidified litter reduces the horizontal transmission of C. perfringens. Cleaning and disinfecting portable containers with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution and 0.4% quaternary ammonium solution can also significantly reduce the recurrence rate of Clostridium perfringens.


Immunizations
Active and passive immunization with vaccines against Clostridium perfringens and its toxins provide good protection and help prevent infection. Immunization of chicks with C. perfringens strains and subsequent treatment with antibiotics prevents C. perfringens challenge infection. Oral immunization may also provide immune protection when a live strain of alpha toxin is identified.

The C-terminus of α-toxin in Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from poultry is highly conserved. Antibodies prepared against the highly conserved region of the protein have a protective effect on other animals, and are expected to have the same effect on poultry. Other studies have shown that the immune antibodies produced after vaccinating broiler breeders with alpha toxin vaccine have a protective effect on chicks and can prevent the occurrence of subclinical necrotizing enteritis and hepatitis associated with Clostridium perfringens. Coccidial infection is a predisposing factor for the disease, so immunity to coccidia can indirectly prevent the occurrence of necrotizing enteritis.


Competitive exclusion, prebiotics and prebiotics
Experiments have shown that competitive exclusion treatment can effectively reduce the amount of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine, while also reducing the necropsy lesions of necrotizing enteritis, reducing mortality and damage to production performance. Adding mannan oligosaccharides and lactic acid-producing bacterial cultures to the diet can also effectively reduce mortality caused by necrotizing enteritis and damage to production performance caused by subclinical diseases. Other studies have shown that adding prebiotics, such as Lactobacilli and Streptococcus faecalis,can reduce the severity of necrotizing enteritis. Bacillus subtilis can produce bacteriocins, which can inhibit the production of Clostridium perfringens in vitro. Adding lactose to the diet can also reduce the load of Clostridium perfringens in the cecum of chicks.
In production practice, the use of commercial competitive exclusion preparations to treat this disease can improve the health of the intestines, delay the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines, and delay the occurrence of lesions caused by Clostridium perfringens. .
Other compounds for preventing and treating necrotizing enteritis are also being studied. Experimental addition of β-mannanase to affected birds can significantly reduce the severity of necrotizing enteritis. Mixtures of essential oils from plants also control colonization and proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestinal tract of chickens.


Antibiotics and anticoccidial drugs
Adding a variety of antibiotics to feed can reduce the amount of Clostridium perfringens shed in chicken feces, including virginiamycin, tylosin, penicillin, ampicillin, bacitracin and furazolidone*. In vitro susceptibility testing has also been performed on C. perfringens isolates from commercial turkeys and broilers.

After an outbreak of necrotizing enteritis, lincomycin, bacitracin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, and tylosin tartrate are effectively treated with drinking water. Bacitracin, lincomycin, virginiamycin, penicillin, aphorpacin, bisfuramidine hydrazone and tylosin mixtures are effective in preventing and controlling this disease. However, some clinical investigations have found that clinical isolates of necrotizing enteritis respond to virginiamycin and penicillin but are resistant to bacitracin and lincomycin. A Scandinavian study showed that after growth-promoting antibiotics were removed from the diet, isolates were resistant to ampicillin, avermycin, erythromycin, tylosin, vancomycin, bacitracin, Sensitive to virginiamycin, ionophore anticoccidia, lasalocid, maduramycin, monensin, naramycin, and salinomycin. Monensin can change the microbial community in the ileum, reduce the bacterial flora of Lactobacilli in the ileum, and increase the amount of Clostridium ivory coast (C.lituseburense ) and Clostridium irregularis (C.irregularis ) , thereby preventing Clostridium infection. effect. In this case, non-C. perfringens clostridial species actually have a competitive exclusion effect on C. perfringens.